Minot CS. The problem of consciousness in its biological aspects. Science (1902) 16(392):1–12. doi: 10.1126/science.16.392.1
Crick FHC, Koch C. Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Semin Neurosci (1990) 2:263–75. Available at
https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/101584582X469Metzinger T. Neural correlates of consciousness: empirical and conceptual questions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (2000). doi: 10.7551/mitpress/4928.001.0001Kuhn RL. A landscape of consciousness: toward a taxonomy of explanations and implications. Prog Biophys Mol Biol (2024) 190:28–169. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.12.003Yaron I, Melloni L, Pitts M, Mudrik L. The ConTraSt database for analysing and comparing empirical studies of consciousness theories. Nat Hum Behav (2022) 6(4):593–604. doi: 10.1038/s41562-021-01284-5Kahneman D. Adversarial collaboration: an EDGE lecture by Daniel Kahneman [video] (2022). Available at:
https://www.edge.org/adversarial-collaboration-danielkahnemanLau HC. Are we studying consciousness yet? In: Weiskrantz L, Davies M, editors. Frontiers of consciousness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press (2008) 245–58. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233151.003.0008Cleeremans A, Tallon-Baudry C. Consciousness matters: phenomenal experience has functional value. Neurosci Conscious (2022) 2022(1):niac007. doi: 10.1093/nc/niac007Schurger A, Graziano M. Consciousness explained or described? Neurosci Conscious (2022) 2022(1):niac001. doi: 10.1093/nc/niac001Zeman A. Consciousness. Brain (2001) 124(7):1263–89. doi: 10.1093/brain/ 124.7.1263Bayne T, Hohwy J, Owen AM. Are there levels of consciousness? Trends Cogn Sci (2016) 20(6):405–13. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.009Seth AK, Bayne T. Theories of consciousness. Nat Rev Neurosci (2022) 23(7):439–52. doi: 10.1038/s41583-022-00587-4Brentano F. Psychology from an empirical standpoint. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Humanities Press (1973).Metzinger T. The elephant and the blind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (2024). doi: 10.7551/mitpress/15196.001.0001Hudetz AG. Does consciousness have dimensions? J Conscious Stud (2024) 31(7):55–73. doi: 10.53765/20512201.31.7.055Nagel T. What is like to be a bat? Philos Rev (1974) 83:434–50. doi: 10.2307/ 2183914Damasio A. Self comes to mind: constructing the conscious brain. New York, NY: Pantheon Books (2010).Cleeremans A, Achoui D, Beauny A, Keuninckx L, Martin J-R, Muñoz-Moldes S, et al. Learning to be conscious. Trends Cogn Sci (2020) 24(2):112–23. doi: 10.1016/ j.tics.2019.11.011Fleming SM. Know thyself: the science of self-awareness. New York, NY: Basic Books (2021).Frith CD. Consciousness, (meta) cognition, and culture. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) (2023) 76(8):1711–23. doi: 10.1177/17470218231164502Hofstadter D. I am a strange loop. New York, NY: Basic Books (2007).Metzinger T. The ego tunnel – the science of the mind and the myth of the self. New York, NY: Basic Books (2009).Seth AK. Being you. A new science of consciousness. London: Faber & Faber (2021).Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex (2000) 10(3):295–307. doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.3.295Seth AK. Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the embodied self. Trends Cogn Sci (2013) 17(11):565–73. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.007Barrett LF. The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci (2017) 12(11):1833. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsx060Cleeremans A. The radical plasticity thesis: how the brain learns to be conscious. Front Psychol (2011) 2:86. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00086Shea N, Frith CD. The global workspace needs metacognition. Trends Cogn Sci (2019) 23(7):560–71. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.04.007Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harper and Row (1990).Ben-Haim MS, Dal Monte O, Fagan NA, Dunham Y, Hassin RR, Chang SWC, et al. Disentangling perceptual awareness from nonconscious processing in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2021) 118(15):e2017543118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2017543118Birch J. Global workspace theory and animal consciousness. Philos Top (2020) 48(1):21–37. doi: 10.5840/philtopics20204812Bayne T, Seth AK, Massimini M, Shepherd J, Cleeremans A, Fleming SM, et al. Tests for consciousness in humans and beyond. Trends Cogn Sci (2024) 28(5):454–66. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.010Damasio A. The feeling of what happens: body and emotion in the making of consciousness. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace & Company (1999).Haggard P. Human volition: towards a neuroscience of will. Nat Rev Neurosci (2008) 9(12):934–46. doi: 10.1038/nrn2497Block N. On a confusion about a function of consciousness. Behav Brain Sci (1995) 18(2):227–47. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00038188Lamme VAF. How neuroscience will change our view on consciousness. Cogn Neurosci (2010) 1(3):204–20. doi: 10.1080/17588921003731586Cohen MA, Dennett DC. Consciousness cannot be separated from function. Trends Cogn Sci (2011) 15(8):358–64. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.008Silver D, Schrittwieser J, Simonyan K, Antonoglou I, Huang A, Guez A, et al. Mastering the game of go without human knowledge. Nature (2017) 550(7676):354–9. doi: 10.1038/nature24270Chalmers D. Could a large language model be conscious. Boston Review (2023). Available at:
https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/could-a-largelanguage-model-be-conscious/Seth AK. Conscious artificial intelligence and biological naturalism. Behav Brain Sci (2025) 1–42. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X25000032Amir YZ, Assaf Y, Yovel Y, Mudrik L. Experiencing without knowing? Empirical evidence for phenomenal consciousness without access. Cognition (2023) 238:105529. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105529Suzuki K, Seth AK, Schwartzman DJ. Modelling phenomenological differences in aetiologically distinct visual hallucinations using deep neural networks. Front Hum Neurosci (2024) 17:1159821. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1159821Moriguchi Y, Watanabe R, Sakata C, Zeleznikow-Johnston A, Wang J, Saji N, et al. Comparing color qualia structures through a similarity task in young children versus adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2025) 122(11):e2415346122. doi: 10.1073/ pnas.2415346122Tononi G, Boly M, Massimini M, Koch C. Integrated information theory: from consciousness to its physical substrate. Nat Rev Neurosci (2016) 17(7):450–61. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2016.44Lau H, Michel M, LeDoux JE, Fleming SM. The mnemonic basis of subjective experience. Nat Rev Psychol (2022) 1(8):479–88. doi: 10.1038/s44159-022-00068-6Tsuchiya N, Saigo H. A relational approach to consciousness: categories of level and contents of consciousness. Neurosci Conscious (2021) 2021(2):niab034. doi: 10.1093/nc/niab034Kawakita G, Zeleznikow-Johnston A, Tsuchiya N, Oizumi M. Gromov– Wasserstein unsupervised alignment reveals structural correspondences between the color similarity structures of humans and large language models. Sci Rep (2024) 14:15917. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-65604-1Fleming SM, Shea N. Quality space computations for consciousness. Trends Cogn Sci (2024) 28(10):896–906. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.06.007Bargh JA. Before you know it: the unconscious reasons we do what we do. New York, NY: Atria Books (2017).Dijksterhuis A, Nordgren LF. A theory of unconscious thought. Perspect Psychol Sci (2006) 1(2):95–109. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00007.xHassin RR, Uleman JS, Bargh JA. The new unconscious. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2005).Winkielman P, Berridge KC. Unconscious emotion. Curr Dir Psychol Sci (2004) 13(3):120–3. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00288.xPenfield W. The mystery of the mind: a critical study of consciousness and the human brain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (1975).Gazzaniga MS, Bogen JE, Sperry RW. Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1962) 48(10):1765–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.48.10.1765LeDoux JE, Michel M, Lau H. A little history goes a long way toward understanding why we study consciousness the way we do today. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2020) 117(13):6976–84. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1921623117Dehaene S, Changeux JP. Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron (2011) 70(2):200–27. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.018Horikawa T, Cowen AS, Keltner D, Kamitani Y. The neural representation of visually evoked emotion is high-dimensional, categorical, and distributed across transmodal brain regions. iScience (2020) 23(5):101060. doi: 10.1016/ j.isci.2020.101060Northoff G, Heinzel A, de Greck M, Bermpohl F, Dobrowolny H, Panksepp J. Self-referential processing in our brain—a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. Neuroimage (2006) 31(1):440–57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002Casarotto S, Comanducci A, Rosanova M, Sarasso S, Fecchio M, Napolitani M, et al. Stratification of unresponsive patients by an independently validated index of brain complexity. Ann Neurol (2016) 80(5):718–29. doi: 10.1002/ana.24779Del Cul A, Baillet S, Dehaene S. Brain dynamics underlying the nonlinear threshold for access to consciousness. PloS Biol (2007) 5(10):e260. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pbio.0050260Schurger A, Sarigiannidis I, Naccache L, Sitt JD, Dehaene S. Cortical activity is more stable when sensory stimuli are consciously perceived. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2015) 112(16):E2083–92. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418730112Dembski C, Koch C, Pitts M. Perceptual awareness negativity: a physiological correlate of sensory consciousness. Trends Cogn Sci (2021) 25(8):660–70. doi: 10.1016/ j.tics.2021.05.009Samaha J, Iemi L, Postle BR. Prestimulus alpha-band power biases visual discrimination confidence, but not accuracy. Conscious Cogn (2017) 54:47–55. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.005Fisch L, Privman E, Ramot M, Harel M, Nir Y, Kipervasser S, et al. Neural “ignition”: enhanced activation linked to perceptual awareness in human ventral stream visual cortex. Neuron (2009) 64(4):562–74. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.001Koch C, Massimini M, Boly M, Tononi G. Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems. Nat Rev Neurosci (2016) 17(5):307–21. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2016.22Mashour GA, Roelfsema PR, Changeux JP, Dehaene S. Conscious processing and the global neuronal workspace hypothesis. Neuron (2020) 105(5):776–98. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.026Parvizi J, Damasio A. Consciousness and the brainstem. Cognition (2001) 79(1–2):135–60. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00127-XSpindler LRB, Luppi AI, Adapa RM, Craig MM, Coppola P, Peattie ARD, et al. Dopaminergic brainstem disconnection is common to pharmacological and pathological consciousness perturbation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2021) 118(30): e2026289118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2026289118Solms M. The hidden spring. London: Profile Books (2021).Fang Z, Dang Y, Ping A, Wang C, Zhao Q, Zhao H, et al. Human high-order thalamic nuclei gate conscious perception through the thalamofrontal loop. Science (2025) 388(6742):eadr3675. doi: 10.1126/science.adr3675Luo Q, Mitchell D, Cheng X, Mondillo K, McCaffrey D, Holroyd T, et al. Visual awareness, emotion, and gamma band synchronization. Cereb Cortex (2009) 19(8):1896–904. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn216Yuval-Greenberg S, Tomer O, Keren AS, Nelken I, Deouell LY. Transient induced gamma-band response in EEG as a manifestation of miniature saccades. Neuron (2008) 58(3):429–41. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.027De Graaf TA, Hsieh P-J, Sack AT. The ‘correlates’ in neural correlates of consciousness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2012) 36(1):191–7. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.012Aru J, Bachmann T, Singer W, Melloni L. Distilling the neural correlates of consciousness.Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2012) 36(2):737–46. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.003Lau H. In consciousness we trust: the cognitive neuroscience of subjective experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2022). doi: 10.1093/oso/9780198856771.001.0001Tsuchiya N, Wilke M, Frässle S, Lamme VAF. No-report paradigms: extracting the true neural correlates of consciousness. Trends Cogn Sci (2015) 19(12):757–70. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.002Lau HC, Passingham RE. Relative blindsight in normal observers and the neural correlate of visual consciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2006) 103(49):18763–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0607716103Weiskrantz L, Warrington EK, Sanders MD, Marshall J. Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation. Brain (1974) 97(4):709–28. doi: 10.1093/brain/97.1.709Bao Y, Zhou B, Yu X, Mao L, Gutyrchik E, Paolini M, et al. Conscious vision in blindness: a new perceptual phenomenon implemented in the “wrong” side of the brain. Psych J (2024) 13(6):885–92. doi: 10.1002/pchj.787Overgaard M, Fehl K, Mouridsen K, Bergholt B, Cleeremans A. Seeing without seeing? Degraded conscious vision in a blindsight patient. PloS One (2008) 3(8):e3028. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003028Phillips I. Blindsight is qualitatively degraded conscious vision. Psychol Rev (2021) 128(3):558–84. doi: 10.1037/rev0000254Doerig A, Schurger A, Herzog MH. Hard criteria for empirical theories of consciousness. Cogn Neurosci (2021) 12(2):41–62. doi: 10.1080/17588928.2020.1772214Northoff G, Lamme VAF. Neural signs and mechanisms of consciousness: is there a potential convergence of theories of consciousness in sight? Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2020) 118:568–87. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.019Signorelli CM, Szczotka J, Prentner R. Explanatory profiles of models of consciousness—towards a systematic classification. Neurosci Conscious (2021) 2021(2):niab021. doi: 10.1093/nc/niab021Baars BJ. A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988).Fodor JA. The modularity of mind. Boston, MA: Bradford Books (1983). doi: 10.7551/mitpress/4737.001.0001Dehaene S, Sergent C, Changeux JP. A neuronal network model linking subjective reports and objective physiological data during conscious perception. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2003) 100(14):8520–5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1332574100Block N. Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience. Behav Brain Sci (2007) 30(5–6):481–99. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X07002786Naccache L. Why and how access consciousness can account for phenomenal consciousness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2018) 373(1755):20170357. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0357Mudrik L, Boly M, Dehaene S, Fleming SM, Lamme V, Seth A, et al. Unpacking the complexities of consciousness: theories and reflections. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2025) 170:106053. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106053Van Vugt B, Dagnino B, Vartak D, Safaai H, Panzeri S, Dehaene S, et al. The threshold for conscious report: signal loss and response bias in visual and frontal cortex. Science (2018) 360(6388):537–42. doi: 10.1126/science.aar7186Gaillard R, Dehaene S, Adam C, Clémenceau S, Hasboun D, Baulac M, et al. Converging intracranial markers of conscious access. PloS Biol (2009) 7(3):e61. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000061Rosenthal D. Consciousness and mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2006).Brown R. The HOROR theory of phenomenal consciousness. Philos Stud (2015) 172(7):1783–94. doi: 10.1007/s11098-014-0388-7Fleming SM. Awareness as inference in a higher-order state space. Neurosci Conscious (2020) 2020(1):niz020. doi: 10.1093/nc/niz020Lau H, Rosenthal D. Empirical support for higher-order theories of consciousness. Trends Cogn Sci (2011) 15(8):365–73. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.009Brown R, Lau H, LeDoux JE. Understanding the higher-order approach to consciousness. Trends Cogn Sci (2019) 23(9):754–68. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.06.009Crick FHC, Koch C. A framework for consciousness. Nat Neurosci (2003) 6(2):119–26. doi: 10.1038/nn0203-119Persaud N, Davidson M, Maniscalco B, Mobbs D, Passingham RE, Cowey A, et al. Awareness-related activity in prefrontal and parietal cortices in blindsight reflects more than superior visual performance. Neuroimage (2011) 58(2):605–11. doi: 10.1016/ j.neuroimage.2011.06.081Cortese A, Amano K, Koizumi A, Kawato M, Lau H. Multivoxel neurofeedback selectively modulates confidence without changing perceptual performance. Nat Commun (2016) 7(1):13669. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13669Shekhar M, Rahnev D. Distinguishing the roles of dorsolateral and anterior PFC in visual metacognition. J Neurosci (2018) 38(22):5078–87. doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.3484-17.2018Fleming SM, Ryu J, Golfinos JG, Blackmon KE. Domain-specific impairment in metacognitive accuracy following anterior prefrontal lesions. Brain (2014) 137(10):2811–22. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu221Miyamoto K, Setsuie R, Osada T, Miyashita Y. Reversible silencing of the frontopolar cortex selectively impairs metacognitive judgment on non-experience in primates. Neuron (2018) 97(4):980–989.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.040Panagiotaropoulos TI. An integrative view of the role of prefrontal cortex in consciousness. Neuron (2024) 112(10):1626–41. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.028Carruthers P, Gennaro R. Higher-order theories of consciousness. In Zalta EN, Nodelman U, editors. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 edition). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press (2020). Available at:
https://plato.stanford.edu/ entries/consciousness-higher/Tononi G. Consciousness as integrated information: a provisional manifesto. Biol Bull (2008) 215(3):216–42. doi: 10.2307/25470707Albantakis L, Barbosa L, Findlay G, Grasso M, Haun AM, Marshall W, et al. Integrated information theory (IIT) 4.0: formulating the properties of phenomenal existence in physical terms. PloS Comput Biol (2023) 19(10):e1011465. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pcbi.1011465Tononi G, Koch C. Consciousness: here, there and everywhere? Philos. Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2015) 370(1668):20140167. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0167Haun A, Tononi G. Why does space feel the way it does? Towards a principled account of spatial experience. Entropy (2019) 21(12):1160. doi: 10.3390/e21121160Comolatti R, Grasso M, Tononi G. Why does time feel the way it does? Towards a principled account of temporal experience. arXiv [preprint] (2024). doi: 10.48550/ arXiv.2412.13198Mediano PAM, Rosas FE, Bor D, Seth AK, Barrett AB. The strength of weak integrated information theory. Trends Cogn Sci (2022) 26(8):646–55. doi: 10.1016/ j.tics.2022.04.008Bayne T. On the axiomatic foundations of the integrated information theory of consciousness. Neurosci Conscious (2018) 2018(1):niy007. doi: 10.1093/nc/niy007Klincewicz M, Cheng T, Schmitz M, Sebastián MÁ , Snyder JS. What makes a theory of consciousness unscientific? Nat Neurosci (2025) 28(4):689–93. doi: 10.1038/ s41593-025-01881-xTononi G, Albantakis L, Barbosa L, Boly M, Cirelli C, Comolatti R, et al. Consciousness or pseudo-consciousness? A clash of two paradigms. Nat Neurosci (2025) 28(4):694–702. doi: 10.1038/s41593-025-01880-yRosanova M, Gosseries O, Casarotto S, Boly M, Casali AG, Bruno MA, et al. Recovery of cortical effective connectivity and recovery of consciousness in vegetative patients. Brain (2012) 135(4):1308–20. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr340Casali AG, Gosseries O, Rosanova M, Boly M, Sarasso S, Casali KR, et al. A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior. Sci Transl Med (2013) 5(198):198ra105. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006294Cogitate Consortium, Ferrante O, Gorska-Klimowska U, Henin S, Hirschhorn R, Khalaf A, et al. Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness. Nature (2025) 642(8066):133–42. doi: 10.1038/ s41586-025-08888-1Hohwy J, Seth AK. Predictive processing as a systematic basis for identifying the neural correlates of consciousness. PhiMiSci (2020) 1:3. doi: 10.33735/ phimisci.2020.II.64Friston KJ, Daunizeau J, Kilner J, Kiebel SJ. Action and behavior: a free-energy formulation. Biol Cybern (2010) 102(3):227–60. doi: 10.1007/s00422-010-0364-zClark A. Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science. Behav Brain Sci (2013) 36(3):181–204. doi: 10.1017/ S0140525X12000477Hohwy J. The predictive mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2013). doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199682737.001.0001Helmholtz HL. Handbuch der physiologischen Optik (1st edition; 3rd edition with extensive commentary by Gullstrand A, von Kries J, and Nagel W, editors). Leipzig: L. Voss. (1st: 1867; 3rd: 1910).Barrett LF, Simmons WK. Interoceptive predictions in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci (2015) 16(7):419–29. doi: 10.1038/nrn3950Seth AK. The cybernetic Bayesian brain: from interoceptive inference to sensorimotor contingencies. In: Metzinger T, Windt J, editors. Open MIND.. Frankfurt am main: MIND Group (2015). doi: 10.15502/9783958570108Friston K. The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nat Rev Neurosci (2010) 11(2):127–38. doi: 10.1038/nrn2787Friston K, Da Costa L, Sajid N, Heins C, Ueltzhöffer K, Pavliotis GA, et al. The free energy principle made simpler but not too simple. Phys Rep (2023) 1024:1–29. doi: 10.1016/j.physrep.2023.07.001Pennartz CMA. Consciousness, representation, action: the importance of being goal directed. Trends Cogn Sci (2018) 22(2):137–53. doi: 10.1016/ j.tics.2017.10.006Friston KJ. The mathematics of mind time. Aeon (2017). Available at: https:// aeon.co/essays/consciousness-is-not-a-thing-but-a-process-of-inferenceLamme VA, Roelfsema PR. The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing. Trends Neurosci (2000) 23(11):571–9. doi: 10.1016/S0166- 2236(00)01657-XLamme VAF. Towards a true neural stance on consciousness. Trends Cogn Sci (2006) 10(11):494–501. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.09.001Parr T, Corcoran AW, Friston KJ, Hohwy J. Perceptual awareness and active inference. Neurosci Conscious (2019) 2019(1):niz012. doi: 10.1093/nc/ niz012Novicky F, Parr T, Friston K, Mirza MB, Sajid N. Bistable perception, precision and neuromodulation. Cereb Cortex (2024) 34(1):bhad401. doi: 10.1093/cercor/ bhad401Limanowski J, Blankenburg F. Minimal self-models and the free energy principle. Front Hum Neurosci (2013) 7:547. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00547Whyte CJ, Smith R. The predictive global neuronal workspace: a formal active inference model of visual consciousness. Prog Neurobiol (2021) 199:101918. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101918Hardstone R, Zhu M, Flinker A, Melloni L, Devore S, Friedman D, et al. Longterm priors influence visual perception through recruitment of long-range feedback. Nat Commun (2021) 12(1):6288. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26544-wTal A, Sar-Shalom M, Krawitz T, Biderman D, Mudrik L. Awareness is needed for contextual effects in ambiguous object recognition. Cortex (2024) 173:49–60. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.01.003Solomon SS, Tang H, Sussman E, Kohn A. Limited evidence for sensory prediction error responses in visual cortex of macaques and humans. Cereb Cortex (2021) 31(6):3136–52. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhab014Schultz W. Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dial Clin Neurosci (2016) 18(1):23–32. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2016.18.1/wschultzde Lange FP, Heilbron M, Kok P. How do expectations shape perception? Trends Cogn Sci (2018) 22(9):764–79. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.002Wiese W. The science of consciousness does not need another theory, it needs a minimal unifying model. Neurosci Conscious (2020) 2020(1):niaa013. doi: 10.1093/nc/ niaa013Chalmers D. Facing up to the problem of consciousness. J Conscious Stud (1995) 3(23):200–19. Available at:
https://consc.net/papers/facing.pdf.Huizenga JR. Cold fusion: the scientific fiasco of the century. New York, NY: University of Rochester Press (1992).Rettig M. Using the multiple intelligences to enhance instruction for young children and young children with disabilities. Early Child Educ J (2005) 32:255–9. doi: 10.1007/s10643-004-0865-2.Markram H. The blue brain project. Nat Rev Neurosci (2006) 7(2):153–60. doi: 10.1038/nrn1848.Newborn M. Deep blue: an artificial intelligence milestone. New York, NY: Springer (2010). doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-21790-1Open AI, Achiam J, Adler S, Agarwal S, Ahmad L, Akkaya I, et al. GPT-4 technical report. arXiv [preprint, version 1]. (2023). doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2303.08774du Sautoy M. The creativity code: Art and innovation in the age of AI, fourth estate. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2019).Fazekas P, Cleeremans A, Overgaard M. A construct-first approach to consciousness science. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2024) 156:105480. doi: 10.1016/ j.neubiorev.2023.105480Boly M, Massimini M, Tsuchiya N, Postle BR, Koch C, Tononi G. Are the neural correlates of consciousness in the front or in the back of the cerebral cortex? Clinical and neuroimaging evidence. J Neurosci (2017) 37(40):9603–13. doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.3218-16.2017Odegaard B, Knight RT, Lau H. Should a few null findings falsify prefrontal theories of conscious perception? J Neurosci (2017) 37(40):9593–602. doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.3217-16.2017Cleeremans A. Computational correlates of consciousness. Prog Brain Res (2005) 150:81–98. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50007-4Dehaene S, Naccache L. Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition (2001) 79(1–2):1–37. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00123-2Schupbach JN, Sprenger J. The logic of explanatory power. Philos Sci (2011) 78(1):105–27. doi: 10.1086/658111Ylikoski P, Kuorikoski J. Dissecting explanatory power. Philos Stud (2010) 148(2):201–19. doi: 10.1007/s11098-008-9324-zTsuchiya N, Phillips S, Saigo H. Enriched category as a model of qualia structure based on similarity judgments. Conscious Cogn (2022) 101:103319. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103319Ramstead MJD, Seth AK, Hesp C, Sandved-Smith L, Mago J, Lifshitz M, et al. From generative models to generative passages: a computational approach to (neuro) phenomenology. Rev Philos Psychol (2022) 13(4):829–57. doi: 10.1007/s13164-021- 00604-ySandved-Smith L. A computational model of Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE). Preprints.org [preprint, version 3] (2024). Available at:
https://www.preprints. org/manuscript/202411.0649/v1Suzuki M, Larkum ME. General anesthesia decouples cortical pyramidal neurons. Cell (2020) 180(4):666–676.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.024Metzinger T. Minimal phenomenal experience: meditation, tonic alertness, and the phenomenology of “pure” consciousness. PhiMiSci (2020) 1(I):1–44. doi: 10.33735/ phimisci.2020.I.46ATLAS Collaboration, Aad G, Abat E, Abdallah J, Abdelalim AA, Abdesselam A, et al. The ATLAS experiment at the CERN large hadron collider. J Instrum (2008) 3(8):S08003. doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08003Abbott BP, Abbott R, Adhikari R, Ajith P, Allen B, Allen G, et al. LIGO: the laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory. Rep Prog Phys (2009) 72(7):76901. doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/72/7/076901Abbott LF, Angelaki DE, Carandini M, Churchland AK, Dan Y, Dayan P, et al. An international laboratory for systems and computational neuroscience. Neuron (2017) 96(6):1213–8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.013Francken JC, Beerendonk L, Molenaar D, Fahrenfort JJ, Kiverstein JD, Seth AK, et al. An academic survey on theoretical foundations, common assumptions and the current state of consciousness science. Neurosci Conscious (2022) 2022(1):niac011. doi: 10.1093/nc/niac011Negro N. (Dis)confirming theories of consciousness and their predictions: towards a Lakatosian consciousness science. Neurosci Conscious (2024) 2024(1): niae012. doi: 10.1093/nc/niae012Eriksen CW. Subception: fact or artifact? Psychol Rev (1956) 63(1):74–80. doi: 10.1037/h0044441Holender D. Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision and visual masking: a survey and appraisal. Behav Brain Sci (1986) 9(1):1–23. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00021269Reingold EM, Merikle PM. Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Percept Psychophys (1988) 44(6):563–75. doi: 10.3758/ BF03207490Shanks DR. Regressive research: the pitfalls of post hoc data selection in the study of unconscious mental processes. Psychon Bull Rev (2017) 24(3):752–75. doi: 10.3758/s13423-016-1170-yHassin RR. Yes it can: on the functional abilities of the human unconscious. Perspect Psychol Sci (2013) 8(2):195–207. doi: 10.1177/1745691612460684Newell BR, Shanks DR. Unconscious influences on decision making: a critical review. Behav Brain Sci (2014) 37(1):1–19. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X12003214Peters MAK, Kentridge RW, Phillips I, Block N. Does unconscious perception really exist? Continuing the ASSC20 debate. Neurosci Conscious (2017) 2017(1):nix015. doi: 10.1093/nc/nix015Rothkirch M, Hesselmann G. What we talk about when we talk about unconscious processing—a plea for best practices. Front Psychol (2017) 8:835. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00835Rahnev D, Balsdon T, Charles L, de Gardelle V, Denison R, Desender K, et al. Consensus goals in the field of visual metacognition. Perspect Psychol Sci (2022) 17(6):1746–65. doi: 10.1177/17456916221075615Stockart F, Schreiber M, Amerio P, Carmel D, Cleeremans A, Deouell LY, et al. Studying unconscious processing: contention and consensus. Behav Brain Sci (2025) 1– 77. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X25101489Schlegelmilch R. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science (2015) 349(6251):aac4716. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4716Frank MC, Alcock KJ, Arias-Trejo N, Aschersleben G, Baldwin D, Barbu S, et al. Quantifying sources of variability in infancy research using the infant-directedspeech preference. Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci (2020) 3(1):24–52. doi: 10.1177/ 2515245919900809Moshontz H, Campbell L, Ebersole CR, IJzerman H, Urry HL, Forscher PS, et al. The psychological science accelerator: advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci (2018) 1(4):501–15. doi: 10.1177/ 2515245918797607Greenwald AG, Draine SC, Abrams RL. Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Science (1996) 273(5282):1699–702. doi: 10.1126/ science.273.5282.1699Maoz U, Yaffe G, Koch C, Mudrik L. Neural precursors of decisions that matter—an ERP study of deliberate and arbitrary choice. eLife (2019) 8:e39787. doi: 10.7554/eLife.39787Raccah O, Block N, Fox KCR. Does the prefrontal cortex play an essential role in consciousness? Insights from intracranial stimulation in the human brain. J Neurosci (2021) 41(10):2076–87. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1141-20.2020Amerio P, Michel M, Goerttler S, Peters MAK, Cleeremans A. Unconscious perception of Vernier offsets. Open Mind (Camb.) (2024) 8:739–65. doi: 10.1162/ opmi_a_00145Kriegeskorte N, Douglas PK. Cognitive computational neuroscience. Nat Neurosci (2018) 21(9):1148–60. doi: 10.1038/s41593-018-0210-5Furstenberg A, Breska A, Sompolinsky H, Deouell LY. Evidence of change of intention in picking situations. J Cogn Neurosci (2015) 27(11):2133–46. doi: 10.1162/ jocn_a_00842Fletcher PC, Frith CD. Perceiving is believing: a Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci (2009) 10 (1):48–58. doi: 10.1038/nrn2536Sutherland NS. The international dictionary of psychology. New York, NY: Continuum (1989).Mudrik L, Hirschhorn R, Korisky U. Taking consciousness for real: increasing the ecological validity of the study of conscious vs. unconscious processes. Neuron (2024) 112(10):1642–56. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.031Suzuki K, Lush P, Seth AK, Roseboom W. Intentional binding without intentional action. Psychol Sci (2019) 30(6):842–53. doi: 10.1177/0956797619842191Hirschhorn R, Biderman D, Biderman N, Yaron I, Bennet R, Plotnik M, et al. Multi-trial inattentional blindness in virtual reality. Behav Res Methods (2024) 56(4):3452–68. doi: 10.3758/s13428-024-02401-8Herbelin B, Salomon R, Serino A, Blanke O. Neural mechanisms of bodily selfconsciousness and the experience of presence in virtual reality. In: Gaggioli A, Ferscha A, Riva G, Dunne S, Viaud-Delmon I, editors. Human computer confluence. DeGruyterBrill, Berlin (2016) 80–96Cohen M, Botch T, Robertson C. How colorful is visual experience? Evidence from gaze-contingent virtual reality. J Vis (2020) 20(11):917. doi: 10.1167/jov.20.11.917Brookes MJ, Leggett J, Rea M, Hill RM, Holmes N, Boto E, et al. Magnetoencephalography with optically pumped magnetometers (OPM-MEG): the next generation of functional neuroimaging. Trends Neurosci (2022) 45(8):621–34. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.05.008Blanke O, Metzinger T. Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood. Trends Cogn Sci (2009) 13(1):7–13. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.003Lenggenhager B, Tadi T, Metzinger T, Blanke O. Video ergo sum: manipulating bodily self-consciousness. Science (2007) 317(5841):1096–9. doi: 10.1126/science.1143439Sanchez-Vives MV, Slater M. From presence to consciousness through virtual reality. Nat Rev Neurosci. (2005) 6(4):332–9. doi: 10.1038/nrn1651Korisky U, Mudrik L. Dimensions of perception: 3D real-life objects are more readily detected than their 2D images. Psychol Sci (2021) 32(10):1636–48. doi: 10.1177/ 09567976211010718Stangl M, Maoz SL, Suthana N. Mobile cognition: imaging the human brain in the ‘real world’. Nat Rev Neurosci (2023) 24(6):347–62. doi: 10.1038/s41583-023-00692-ySandved-Smith L, BogotáJD, Hohwy J, Kiverstein J, Lutz A. Deep computational neurophenomenology: a methodological framework for investigating the how of experience. Researchhub [preprint] (2024). doi: 10.31219/osf.io/qfgmj. preprintvon Uexküll J. A foray into the worlds of animals and humans with a theory of meaning. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press (2010).Yong E. An immense world: how animal senses reveal the hidden realms around us. New York, NY: Random House (2022).Broday-Dvir R, Norman Y, Harel M, Mehta AD, Malach R. Perceptual stability reflected in neuronal pattern similarities in human visual cortex. Cell Rep (2023) 42(6):112614. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112614Vishne G, Gerber EM, Knight RT, Deouell LY. Distinct ventral stream and prefrontal cortex representational dynamics during sustained conscious visual perception. Cell Rep (2023) 42(7):112752. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112752Chang L, Tsao DY. The code for facial identity in the primate brain. Cell (2017) 169(6):1013–1028.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.011Malach R. Local neuronal relational structures underlying the contents of human conscious experience. Neurosci Conscious (2021) 2021(2):niab028. doi: 10.1093/ nc/niab028Huang Z, Mashour GA, Hudetz AG. Functional geometry of the cortex encodes dimensions of consciousness. Nat Commun (2023) 14(1):72. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022- 35764-7Clark A. A theory of sentience. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2000). doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198238515.001.0001Rosenthal D. How to think about mental qualities. Philos Issues (2010) 20(1):368–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-6077.2010.00190.xCorneille O, Lush P. Sixty years after Orne’s. Pers Soc Psychol Rev (2023) 27(1):83–101. doi: 10.1177/10888683221104368Lush P, Botan V, Scott RB, Seth AK, Ward J, Dienes Z. Trait phenomenological control predicts experience of mirror synaesthesia and the rubber hand illusion. Nat Commun (2020) 11(1):4853. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18591-6Amoruso E, Terhune DB, Kromm M, Kirker S, Muret D, Makin TR. Reassessing referral of touch following peripheral deafferentation: the role of contextual bias. Cortex (2023) 167:167–77. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.019Rosenthal R. Interpersonal expectations: effects of the experimenter’s hypothesis. In: Rosenthal R, Rosnow R, editors. Artifacts in behavioral research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press (2009) 138–210. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780195385540.003.0006Doyen S, Klein O, Pichon C-L, Cleeremans A. Behavioral priming: It’s all in the mind, but whose mind? PloS One (2012) 7(1):e29081. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0029081Corneille O, Lush P. Sixty years after Orne’s American psychologist article: A conceptual framework for subjective experiences elicited by demand characteristics. Pers Soc Psychol Rev (2023) 27(1):83–101. doi: 10.1177/10888683221104368Lancaster MA, Renner M, Martin CA, Wenzel D, Bicknell LS, Hurles ME, et al. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature (2013) 501(7467):373–9. doi: 10.1038/nature12517Smirnova L, Caffo BS, Gracias DH, Huang Q, Morales Pantoja IE, Tang B, et al. Organoid intelligence (OI): the new frontiers in biocomputing and intelligence in a dish. Front Sci (2023) 1:1017235. doi: 10.3389/fsci.2023.1017235Birch J. The edge of sentience: risk and precaution in humans, other animals, and AI. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2024). doi: 10.1093/9780191966729.001.0001Russell S. If we succeed. Dædalus (2022) 151(2):43–57. doi: 10.1162/ daed_a_01899Michel M, Beck D, Block N, Blumenfeld H, Brown R, Carmel D, et al. Opportunities and challenges for a maturing science of consciousness. Nat Hum Behav (2019) 3(2):104–7. doi: 10.1038/s41562-019-0531-8Barrett LF, Bar M. See it with feeling: affective predictions during object perception. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2009) 364(1521):1325–34. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0312LeDoux JE. The deep history of ourselves. New York, NY: Viking (2019).Ginsburg S, Jablonka E. The evolution of the sensitive soul: learning and the origins of consciousness. Boston, MA: MIT Press (2019).Feinberg TE, Mallatt JM. The ancient origins of consciousness: how the brain created experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (2016). doi: 10.7551/mitpress/ 10714.001.0001Siewert C. The significance of consciousness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (1998).Owen AM. Detecting consciousness: a unique role for neuroimaging. Annu Rev Psychol (2013) 64:109–33. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143729Owen AM, Coleman MR, Boly M, Davis MH, Laureys S, Pickard JD. Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science (2006) 313(5792):1402. doi: 10.1126/ science.1130197Cruse D, Chennu S, Chatelle C, Bekinschtein TA, Fernández-Espejo D, Pickard JD, et al. Bedside detection of awareness in the vegetative state: a cohort study. Lancet (2011) 378(9809):2088–94. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61224-5Sarasso S, Casali AG, Casarotto S, Rosanova M, Sinigaglia C, Massimini M. Consciousness and complexity: a consilience of evidence. Neurosci Conscious (2021) 7(2):1–24 doi: 10.1093/nc/niab023Luppi AI, Cain J, Spindler LRB, Górska UJ, Toker D, Hudson AE, et al. Mechanisms underlying disorders of consciousness: bridging gaps to move toward an integrated translational science. Neurocrit Care (2021) 35(Suppl 1):37–54. doi: 10.1007/ s12028-021-01281-6Huntley JD, Fleming SM, Mograbi DC, Bor D, Naci L, Owen AM, et al. Understanding Alzheimer’s disease as a disorder of consciousness. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) (2021) 7(1):e12203. doi: 10.1002/trc2.12203O’Shaughnessy NJ, Chan JE, Bhome R, Gallagher P, Zhang H, Clare L, et al. Awareness in severe Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. Aging Ment Health (2021) 25(4):602–12. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1711859GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry (2022) 9 (2):137–50. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and European Union. Health at a Glance: Europe 2018 – State of Health in the EU Cycle. Paris: OECD. doi: 10.1787/health_glance_eur-2018-enLeichsenring F, Steinert C, Rabung S, Ioannidis JPA. The efficacy of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for mental disorders in adults: an umbrella review and meta-analytic evaluation of recent meta-analyses. World Psychiatry (2022) 21(1):133–45. doi: 10.1002/wps.20941LeDoux J. Anxious: using the brain to understand and treat fear and anxiety. London: Penguin (2016).Taschereau-Dumouchel V, Michel M, Lau H, Hofmann SG, LeDoux JE. Putting the “mental” back in “mental disorders”: a perspective from research on fear and anxiety. Mol Psychiatry (2022) 27(3):1322–30. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01395-5Tracey I. Why pain hurts. Trends Cogn Sci (2022) 26(12):1070–2. doi: 10.1016/ j.tics.2022.09.020Henriques G. Twenty billion fails to ‘move the needle’ on mental illness. Psychology Today (2017). Available at:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/ theory-knowledge/201705/twenty-billion-fails-move-the-needle-mental-illnessLeDoux JE, Brown R. A higher-order theory of emotional consciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2017) 114(10):E2016–25. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1619316114Adolphs R, Mlodinow L, Barrett LF. What is an emotion? Curr Biol (2019) 29(20):R1060–4. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.008Bach DR. Cross-species anxiety tests in psychiatry: pitfalls and promises. Mol Psychiatry (2022) 27(1):154–63. doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01299-4Barron HC, Mars RB, Dupret D, Lerch JP, Sampaio-Baptista C. Cross-species neuroscience: closing the explanatory gap. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2021) 376(1815):20190633. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0633Schmack K, Ott T, Kepecs A. Computational psychiatry across species to study the biology of hallucinations. JAMA Psychiatry (2022) 79(1):75–6. doi: 10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2021.3200Nour MM, Liu Y, Dolan RJ. Functional neuroimaging in psychiatry and the case for failing better. Neuron (2022) 110(16):2524–44. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022. 07.005Taschereau-Dumouchel V, Cortese A, Chiba T, Knotts JD, Kawato M, Lau H. Towards an unconscious neural reinforcement intervention for common fears. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2018) 115(13):3470–5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1721572115Mazor M, Brown S, Ciaunica A, Demertzi A, Fahrenfort J, Faivre N, et al. The scientific study of consciousness cannot and should not be morally neutral. Perspect Psychol Sci (2023) 18(3):535–43. doi: 10.1177/17456916221110222Carpenter AD. Illuminating community: animals in classical Indian thought. In: Adamson P, Edwards GF, editors. Animals: a history. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2018). 63–86.Finnigan B. Buddhism and animal ethics. Philos Compass (2017) 12(7):e12424. doi: 10.1111/phc3.12424Lee AY. Is consciousness intrinsically valuable? Philos Stud (2019) 176(3), 655–71. doi: 10.1007/s11098-018-1032-8Metzinger T. Suffering. In: Almqvist K, Haag A, editors. The return of consciousness: a new science on old questions. Stockholm: Axel and Margaret Johnson Foundation (2017).Makari G. Soul machine: the invention of the modern mind. London: W.W. Norton (2016).Kepecs A, Mainen ZF. A computational framework for the study of confidence in humans and animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2012) 367(1594):1322–37. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0037LeDoux JE. The four realms of existence: a new theory of being human. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2023). doi: 10.2307/jj.6695537Birch J. Should animal welfare be defined in terms of consciousness? Philos Sci (2022) 89(5):1114–23. doi: 10.1017/psa.2022.59Birch J. The search for invertebrate consciousness. Noûs (2022) 56(1):133–53. doi: 10.1111/nous.12351Godfrey-Smith P. Living on Earth: life, consciousness and the making of the natural world. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2024).Andrews K, Birch J, Sebo J, Sims T. Background to the New York declaration on animal consciousness [online] (2024). Available at:
https://sites.google.com/nyu.edu/ nydeclaration/backgroundJohnson M. How responsible are killers with brain damage? Scientific American (2018). Available at:
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-responsible-arekillers-with-brain-damage/Hardcastle VG. My brain made me do it? Neuroscience and criminal responsibility (2nd edition). In: Johnson LSM, Rommelfanger KS, editors. The Routledge handbook of neuroethics. Abingdon: Routledge (2018). 185–97.Caspar EA, Christensen JF, Cleeremans A, Haggard P. Coercion changes the sense of agency in the human brain. Curr Biol (2016) 26(5):585–92. doi: 10.1016/ j.cub.2015.12.067Brass M, Haggard P. To do or not to do: the neural signature of self-control. J Neurosci (2007) 27(34):9141–5. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0924-07.2007Ferguson ML, Hassin R, Bargh JA. Implicit motivation: past, present, and future. In: Shah J, Gardner W, editors. Handbook of motivation science. New York, NY: Guilford Press (2007).Muñoz JM, Garcıa-Lo ́ ́pez E, Rusconi E. Editorial: neurolaw: the call for adjusting theory based on scientific results. Front Psychol (2020) 11:582302. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582302Butlin P, Long R, Elmoznino E, Bengio Y, Birch J, Constant A, et al. Consciousness in artificial intelligence: insights from the science of consciousness. arXiv [preprint] (2023). doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2308.08708Aru J, Larkum M, Shine JM. The feasibility of artificial consciousness through the lens of neuroscience. Trends Neurosci (2023) 46(12):1008–17. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.009Polger T, Shapiro L. The multiple realization book. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2016).Putnam H. Psychological predicates. In: Capitan WH, Merrill DD, editors. Art, mind, and religion. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press (1967). doi: 10.2307/ jj.6380610.6Shagir O. The rise and fall of computational functionalism. In: Ben-Menahem Y, editor. Hilary Putnam (contemporary philosophy in focus). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2005).Searle JS. The problem of consciousness. In: Revonsuo A, Kamppinen M, editors. Consciousness in philosophy and cognitive neuroscience (1st edition). New York, NY: Psychology Press (1994).Godfrey-Smith P. Metazoa: animal life and the birth of the mind. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux (2020).Cao R. Multiple realizability and the spirit of functionalism. Synthese (2022) 200(6):506. doi: 10.1007/s11229-022-03524-1Searle J. Biological naturalism. In: Schneider S, Velmans M, editors. The Blackwell companion to consciousness, (2nd edition). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons (2017) 327–36. doi: 10.1002/9781119132363.ch23Metzinger T. Artificial suffering: an argument for a global moratorium on synthetic phenomenology. J AI Consci (2021) 8(1):43–66. doi: 10.1142/ S270507852150003XSearle JR. Seeing things as they are. New York, NY: Oxford University Press (2015). doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199385157.001.0001Altman S. ‘A machine-shaped hand’: Read a story from OpenAI’s new creative writing model. The Guardian. (2025). Available at:
https://www.theguardian.com/ books/2025/mar/12/a-machine-shaped-hand-read-a-story-from-openais-newcreative-writing-modelDennett DC. The intentional stance (1st edition). Cambridge, MA: MIT press (1989).tt D. I’ve been thinking. London: Allen Lane (2023).Shanahan M. Talking about large language models. Commun ACM (2024) 67(2):68–79. doi: 10.1145/3624724Colombatto C, Fleming S. Folk psychological attributions of consciousness to large language models. Neurosci Conscious (2024) 2024(1):niae013. doi: 10.1093/nc/ niae013Heider F, Simmel M. An experimental study of apparent behavior. Am J Psychol (1944) 57(2):243–59. doi: 10.2307/1416950Gray HM, Gray K, Wegner DM. Dimensions of mind perception. Science (2007) 315(5812):619. doi: 10.1126/science.1134475Epley N, Waytz A, Cacioppo JT. On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychol Rev (2007) 114(4):864–86. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.864Xiang C. “He would still be here”: man dies by suicide after talking with AI chatbot, widow says. Vice (2023). Available at:
https://www.vice.com/en/article/ pkadgm/man-dies-by-suicide-after-talking-with-ai-chatbot-widow-saysShevlin H. Consciousness, machines, and moral status [online] (2024). Available at:
https://philpapers.org/rec/SHECMA-6Chrisley R. A human-centered approach to AI ethics: a perspective from cognitive science. In: Dubber MD, Pasquale F, Das S, editors. The Oxford handbook of ethics of AI. New York, NY: Oxford University Press (2020) 462–74. doi: 10.1093/ oxfordhb/9780190067397.013.29Turing AM. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind. (1950) LIX (236):433–60. doi: 10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433Levin M. Bioelectric signaling: reprogrammable circuits underlying embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer. Cell (2021) 184(8):1971–89. doi: 10.1016/ j.cell.2021.02.034Gordon EC, Seth AK. Ethical considerations for the use of brain-computer interfaces for cognitive enhancement. PloS Biol (2024) 22(10):e3002899. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pbio.3002899Bayne T, Seth AK, Massimini M. Are there islands of awareness? Trends Neurosci (2020) 43(1):6–16. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.11.003Kim JI, Imaizumi K, JurjuţO, Kelley KW, Wang D, Thete MV, et al. Human assembloid model of the ascending neural sensory pathway. Nature (2025) 642 (8066):143–53. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08808-3Bloom P. Descartes’ baby: how the science of child development explains what makes us human. New York, NY: Basic Books (2004).
Bradford NA, Shen A, Odegaard B, Peters MAK. Aligning consciousness science and U.S. funding agency priorities. Commun Biol (2024) 7(1):1315. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-07011-w