🌟 宇宙能量分布的惊人事实：普通物质（包括行星）在宇宙总能量中占比极小，远低于星光、星系际等离子体，更不用说暗物质和暗能量。这意味着我们目前依赖的物质形式在宇宙尺度上能量密度非常低。

🌌 暗物质与暗能量的挑战：尽管暗物质和暗能量占据了宇宙绝大部分的能量，但由于它们仅通过引力相互作用，且引力极其微弱，导致我们难以直接与之互动或捕获利用。黑洞作为一种潜在的转化机制，其效率和可行性仍需深入研究。

⚫️ 黑洞辐射转化暗物质的潜力与局限：文章提出利用黑洞辐射来转化暗物质，理论上可以回收高达一半的输入能量。然而，黑洞的质量限制以及其蒸发时间的长短，使得这一方法在实际应用中面临巨大的工程和时间尺度上的挑战，且产物（如中微子）难以收集利用。

❓ 收集暗物质的巨大难题：即使能够转化暗物质，如何有效地将其收集起来也是一个重大难题。利用微型黑洞进行“网捕”设想，面临着黑洞密度、碰撞合并风险以及黑洞自身受到的引力阻力等一系列复杂问题，目前尚无成熟的解决方案。

Published on October 9, 2025 11:35 PM GMT

Notes on some interesting factoids I learnt from Anders Sandberg's draft book, Grand Futures. 

"Starlight is heavier than worlds" - Anders Sandberg

Looking at the energy density of stuff in the universe, we find a few surprising, and not so surprising, facts. First, the obvious: baryonic matter itself is a rounding error, contributing 4.5% of the energy of the universe. Nine tenths of those sweet, sweet baryonic numéraire are stuck in the warm plasma floating between galaxies. About half the remainder forms the stuff of stars. 

Planets don't even match a thousand of the contribution of stars to the energy density of the universe. Somewhat surprisingly, supermassive black holes have a contribution. Regardless, the fact remains that planets are a rounding error to a rounding error to a rounding error of the energy of dark matter and energy. Even starlight contains more energy. So in a literal sense, starlight is heavier than worlds.  

So, I hope that emphasizes just how important it is to figure out if we can make use of all that dark matter/energy. Or even that intergalactic plasma! From that perspective, stars are really only useful as a bootstrapping step to capture the real resources. Good thing too, given that even slow star-lifting can be done in Mega Years. 

But there's an obvious problem: you can't really interact with it. Dark matter only interacts gravitationally, and gravity is weak. So very weak that in spite of huge great clouds of the stuff just lying around in clouds about galaxies, we can see the great devouring supermassive black holes at their heart haven't even managed a nibble. 

But yeah, black holes: that's one way to make use of dark matter. Not via accelerating them in accretion discs till they break apart and bleed off great deluges of energy, like with ordinary matter. Instead, through black hole radiation. That's right, we chuck the matter in and weight till strange eons past for black holes to die. 

The efficiency of this is not bad. You can get half of the energy you dump in back out. A fifth of that is light, a half is electrons/positrons and the other fifth is heavier particles. Which, again, is more than that of all baryonic matter and radiation combined. The rest is neutrinos, which are also very hard to capture. 

Of course, there's the minor issue that you can't make the black holes much heavier than ${10}^{}$ kg or else they'll mostly release light very light particles i.e. few baryons. Can't make much with those. (Turing completeness, let alone error correction, has not been shown for leptonic matter on its own.) 

On the plus side, that reduces the time it takes for the blackhole to evaporate. A ${10}^{}$ black hole takes ${10}^{}$ years to evaporate. A one solar mass black hole takes ${10}^{}$ years. Here's the black hole evaporation time formula, in case you're wondering:

$T^{}evaporation=\frac{5120\pi G^{}}{M^{}}\hslash c^{}$≈(MMsun)3×2.140×1067 years

OK, so that's converting dark matter taken care of. What about collecting it? The obvious idea is just to chuck some black holes at this. The only idea I've got, really. 

Except there's one little issue: it can't suck enough. Remember, we want teeny-weeny black-holes. ${10}^{}$ kg, remember? That means a radius of ${10}^{}$ m. You'd need an extremely dense mesh of blackholes to get anywhere. But that causes a bunch of problems, one of which is the pain in the butt of making sure they don't crash into one another and merge. 

The other big issue is that black holes experience drag. Crazy, right? You'd think they'd just suck up everything in their way. But no, some stuff gets slingshotted away by gravity, sapping momentum from the blackhole. So somehow, you've got to co-ordinate countless bodies which destroy anything they touch, cannot be allowed to hit intersect, and you have to somehow use them to scoop up all the dark matter in the universe. 

How very cursed. 

So, as far as I'm aware, we don't have a good solution to the problem of collecting dark matter, and we may have a small-scale, limited, slow solution to the problem of turning a lump of dark matter into useful stuff. So super-heated plasma floating through the inter-galactic void for dinner, anyone? 

Acknowledgement: Everything I know about this subject comes from Ander's excellent book. And many thanks to my Grand Futures reading group for stimulating discussions on the topic.