文章探讨了AI系统，尤其是机器学习系统可能产生的伦理问题。包括AI系统如何传播种族、性别、年龄和经济地位的偏见，AI如何侵犯版权，AI如何被非道德地使用以伤害他人，AI如何被欺骗从而不公平地影响人们和企业，以及盲目信任AI系统提供的答案可能导致大规模的错误信息传播。

🔍 AI系统会传播种族、性别、年龄和经济地位的偏见，因为它们在训练数据中学习到了这些偏见，而这些数据可能存在歧视或不平衡。

📜 AI生成的作品可能无意中重复或组合了多个艺术家的作品，导致版权侵权问题，尤其是在没有适当归因的情况下。

⚔️ AI技术可能被用于制造深度伪造视频或图像，传播虚假信息，操纵公众舆论，甚至用于战争或欺诈，尽管AI本身并非问题所在，而是使用它的人。

🎮 人们可以利用AI系统的漏洞，通过关键词优化等手段在招聘或搜索引擎排名中获取不公平的优势，从而破坏公平竞争。

📢 过度依赖AI生成的内容而缺乏人工验证，可能导致错误信息的广泛传播，影响人们对世界的认知，因为AI系统生成的信息可能未经事实核查。

AI ethics is about releasing and implementing AI responsibly, paying attention to several considerations, from data etiquette to tool development risks, as discussed in a previous article. In this article, we’ll explore some of the ethical issues that arise with AI systems, particularly machine learning systems, when we overlook the ethical considerations of AI, often unintentionally.

The 5 Common AI Ethical Issues

1. Bias propagation

Although there’s a strong belief that algorithms are less biased than humans, AI systems are known to propagate our conscious and unconscious biases. 

For example, there are known recruiting tools that algorithmically “learned” to dismiss women candidates as they learned that men were preferred in the tech workforce.

Even facial recognition systems are infamous for disproportionately making mistakes on minority groups and people of color. For example, when the researcher, Joy Buolamwini, looked into the accuracy of facial recognition systems from various companies, she found that the error rate for lighter-skinned males was no higher than 1%. However, for darker-skinned females, the mistakes were much more significant, reaching up to 35%. Even the most renowned AI systems have been unable to accurately identify female celebrities of color.

So, what’s the primary cause of AI bias?

Data. AI systems today are only as good as the data they are trained on; if the data is nonrepresentative, skewed towards a particular group, or somehow imbalanced, the AI system will learn this nonrepresentation and propagate biases. 

Bias in data can be caused by a range of factors. For example, if historically, certain groups of people have been discriminated against, this discrimination will be very well recorded in the data.

Another reason for bias in data can be a company’s data warehousing processes or lack thereof, causing AI systems to learn from skewed samples of data instead of representative ones. Even using a snapshot of the Web to train models can mean you’ve learned the biases in that snapshot. This is why large language models (LLMs) are not free from biases when they’re quizzed on subjective topics.

Bias in data can also be a development mistake where the data used for model development was not sampled correctly, resulting in an imbalance of subgroup samples. 

2. Unintended Plagiarism

Generative AI tools such as GPT-3 and ChatGPT learn from massive amounts of Web data. These tools generate the probability of producing meaningful content. In doing that, these generative AI tools may repeat content on the Web word-for-word without any attribution. 

How would we know that the generated content is, in fact, unique? What if the uniquely generated text is identical to a source on the Web? Can the source claim plagiarism?

We’re already seeing this issue in artwork generators that learn from a large number of art pieces belonging to different artists. The AI tool may end up generating art that combines work from multiple artists.

In the end, who exactly owns the copyright to the generated art? If the artwork is too similar to existing ones, this can lead to copyright infringement.

3. Technology Misuse

A while ago, a Ukrainian state leader was portrayed as saying something they did not actually say, using a tool called deepfakes. This AI tool can generate videos or images of people saying things that they never actually said. Similarly, AI image generator tools like DALL.E and Stable Diffusion can be used to create incredibly realistic depictions of events that never occurred.

Intelligent tools like these can be used as weapons in a war (as we’ve already seen), to spread misinformation to gain political advantage, manipulate public opinion, commit fraud, and more. 

In all of these, AI is NOT the bad actor, it’s doing what it’s designed to do. The bad actors are the humans who misuse AI for their own advantage. Furthermore, the companies or teams that create and distribute these AI tools have not taken into account the wider effects these tools may have on society, which is also an issue. 

4. Uneven Playing Fields

Algorithms can be easily tricked, and the same is true of AI-powered software, where you can trick the underlying algorithms to gain an unfair advantage.

In a LinkedIn post that I put out, I discussed how people might trick AI hiring tools when you disclose the attributes the system will use in the decision-making process.

While enforcing steps to reveal an AI’s decision-making process in hiring is a well-intentioned step toward promoting transparency, it may enable people to game the system. For example, candidates may learn that certain keywords are preferred in the hiring process and stuff their resumes with such keywords, unfairly getting ranked higher than more qualified candidates. 

We see this on a much bigger scale with the SEO industry, estimated to be worth over 60 billion dollars. Getting ranked highly in Google’s eyes these days is not just a function of having meaningful content worth reading. But also a function of having done “good SEO” and thus, the growing popularity of this industry.

SEO services have enabled organizations with hefty budgets to dominate the ranks as they’re able to invest heavily in creating massive amounts of content, performing keyword optimization, and getting links placed broadly around the Web.

While some SEO practices are mere content optimization, some “trick” the search algorithms into believing that their websites are the best in class, the most authoritative, and will provide the best value to readers. This may or may not be true. The highly ranked companies may have just invested in more SEO.

5. Widespread Misinformation

As we rely more and more on answers and content generated by generative AI systems, the “facts” that these systems produce can be assumed to be the ultimate truth. For example, in Google’s demo of their generative AI system, Bard, it provides three points in response to the question, “What new discoveries from the James Webb Space Telescope can I tell my 9-year-old about?” One of the points states that the telescope “took the very first pictures of a planet outside of our own solar system.” However, astronomers later pointed out in a very public way that this wasn’t the case. Directly using output from such systems can result in widespread misinformation. 

Unfortunately, without proper citation, it isn’t easy to verify facts and decide which answers to trust and which not to. And as more people accept the content generated without question, this can lead to the spread of false information on a much larger scale than seen with traditional search engines. 

The same is true for content ghostwritten by generative AI systems. Previously, human ghostwriters had to research information from trustworthy sources, piece them together in a meaningful way, and cite the sources before they publish. But now, they can have entire articles ghostwritten for them by an AI system. Unfortunately, if an article generated by an AI system is published without further verification of the facts, misinformation is bound to spread. 

Summary

In this article, we explored some potential ethical issues that can arise from AI systems, particularly machine learning systems. We discussed how:

AI systems can propagate racial, gender, age, and socioeconomic biasesAI can infringe on copyright lawsAI can be used in nonethical ways to harm othersAI can be tricked, unleveling the playing field for people and businesses Trusting answers blindly from AI systems can cause widespread misinformation

It’s critical to note that many of these problems were not intentionally created, but rather they are the side effects of how these systems were developed, disseminated, and used in practice.

Although we can’t eliminate these ethical problems entirely, we can certainly take steps in the right direction to minimize the issues created by technology in general, and in this case, AI.

With insights into the ethical dilemmas of AI, let’s focus on devising strategies for more responsible development and dissemination of AI systems. Instead of waiting for government regulation, in an upcoming article, we’ll explore how businesses can lead the way in doing AI responsibly.